ment the rule of slavery; but all history, all experience, all know. ledge of the human character is against him. Besides, is not injustice itself cruelty? is not the seminal principle of slavery cruelty? if wounds, and stripes, and mutilations, and tortures, and eventual murders occurred but seldom, instead of occurring as they do constantly, would there be no cruelty in making men mere beasts of burden, chattels, agricultural implements, things without rights, or privileges, or even a will of their own, and subject to all the caprice and tyranny of whoever chooses to offer the best price for them? Our author accounts nothing of a breaking heart, if the skin be not lacerated: Negroes are "happily," he says, not susceptible in matters of feeling: but even this degrading plea does not avail; for lacerated they are, basely, barbarously, and often beyond endurance. Those who have not seen a Mauritius field-whip, will start in their dreams the night after they have witnessed this horrible engine of infliction, this prime support of "civil order" and "religious and social affections."

to the account of the French Revolution. Pity it was that that tremendous concussion, which destroyed so much else, should have destroyed the delightful milkiness of slavery, and infused gall into its sweetness. But the French Revolution being every where obnoxious, may very adroitly be made to bear this odium, so as to shelter all slaveowners under legitimate governments, and especially the present race, who have always "one eternal now" of exemption from reproach, being, for the time being, all that is good and humane, till the next generation finds that the glossy surface contained a foul interior, and the immaculate epoch is again post-dated. But in truth this reference to the French Revolution is most unfair and invidious, and seems introduced to cast a sidelong slur on the abolitionists, as if they also wished "to shake to the base all civil order, and to make wide havoc with the religious and social affections of mankind." However, we will very frankly tell our author, that if WestIndian and Mauritius slavery is a part of his code of "civil order," the abolitionists do wish and intend to subvert it; and the downfal will be the more certain and effectual, as they are not like the atheists and madmen of the French Revolution, but men as much attached both to "civil order" and to "the religious and social affections," as the best slave-master in the Mauritius. There may be "Sadducean politicians," who take up the same cause; but the cause itself is not the worse because it has been profanely touched. It is the cause of religion and of human nature; and it is asserted by all that is wise, and holy, and enlightened among mankind. The people of Great Britain and Ireland, with their fellow-Christians throughout the world, will forgive the sneer about the French Re. volution, and pursue their glorious purpose as if nothing had happened. One word more on the last extract. The author makes cruelty only the exception, and good treat.

But where is the community, asks our author, which has not been tainted with more or less crime. Where indeed ? But this is no good reason for continuing to promote it by means of a system of iniquity from which it is inseparable. Besides, there is this vast difference: the annals of Newgate are the annals of the vilest and most profligate of the community; the most degraded self banished outcasts from the pale of virtuous society: they stand at the bar of their country as criminals; and Newgate is their prison house, and the tread-mill, the hulks, or the gallows their portion; but the perpetrators or abettors of the cruelties which have been brought to light in the Mauritius, and other slave colonies, are men and women who take rank in their community, often the high castes of the place, and never of necessity the customary tenants of

a gaol. Besides, these wrong-doers are not flattered and encouraged in their deeds if England has a miscreant she finds stocks and fetters to fit him, or perhaps, in her criminal severity, too hastily rids herself of him for ever. But in our slave colonies the community takes part with the culprit he is a martyr to European prejudices. While Esther Hibner struggles into eternity at Newgate, amidst the execrations of an applauding mob, the Mosses of a slave colony are caressed, and feasted, and petitioned for "by all the respectable people" of the place. Here then is the difference: it is not "insulated examples of crime," or "the abuses of former years;" but crime present, perpetual, and inevitable; crime not "insulated," but crime perpetrated or abetted by "the most respectable people," and forming the average staple of colonial morality. The Resident will, of course, not allow this: well then, blot it out of the indictment; and we return to our position, that slavery itself is a crime-an atrocious and blood-stained crime; and this at least, we are confident, he cannot disprove, if either justice, or humanity, or Christianity, is to be the umpire.

There is, as we have before remarked, a strange jumble of God and mammon in this pamphlet. The author professes to defend his fellowcolonists upon principle; but in the details self-interest is sure to discover itself. He will not yield slavery to religion or humanity; no, this would break "civil order," and violate the religious and social affections:" the deposit is too sacred to be touched for considerations like these; but money it seems will purchase the boon,-for he says very gravely,

The writer does not hesitate to ex

press his conviction, that if the planter had a fair compensation for the value of his slaves, and a security for the continuance of public tranquillity with such an immense preponderance of the free Black population; and that the liberated slaves would work for a reasonable remuneration, calculated from a comparison of the price

of food, and the ordinary rate of living of the working classes in Europe he would not care if they were all emancipated tomorrow!" p. 37.

The writer might well "feel no hesitation in expressing this conviction." We would express it of a crew of pirates, or a troop of banditti, or a nest of coiners, thieves, or smugglers. The advocate for the smuggler, for instance, might say to the anti-smuggling society of revenue cruizers, that he did not hesitate to express his opinion that if the smuggler had only a fair compensation for the value of his boat and cargo, with a promise of a guard round his house (this being, however, in both cases equally unnecessary), and a pledge that he shall gain as much by honest silks and brandies, as by contraband, he would not care if he ceased being a smuggler tomorrow. But would the nation stipulate to allow these terms, and uphold him till he obtained them; as little, nay, less, will honest men concede the preposterous requisitions of the Mauritius Resident. Be just first; let the oppressed go free, or at least shew a disposition to do so, and then it will be time enough to settle the terms of the barter. We are anxious that not only justice, but liberality should be exercised (though we by no means admit that the nation at large are bound very seriously to make restitution, since they were deceived by the colonists, and were not interested abettors of the crime); but then this justice or liberality must be grounded on a full prospect of emancipation, and not on those deceitful half measures which sound well and mean nothing.

We were closing the pamphlet when our eye glanced on the name of Dr. Philip, accompanied by a censure upon his unqualified language in speaking of the debasing effects of slavery upon the master as well as the slave. We thank the Mauritius Resident for reminding us of the debt of gratitude due to that The faithful and excellent man. vituperation that has assailed him

in the slave colonies is his highest honour, next to that Divine approval which we doubt not has accompanied his deed; a deed performed in the true character of a Christian missionary, the servant of Him who came to open the doors of the prison to them that are bound. Tyrants yet unborn will tremble at the name of this firm uncompromising yet unpretending friend of the friendless. No art was left untried to turn him from his purpose; but he persisted, and he attained his high object, an object second only to the actual liberation of those already in slavery, and necessary to prevent the clandestine in

crease of their number. He attained even more than he asked, and the blessings which he implored for South Africa have been extended to all the crown colonies. Here is ample encouragement for the friends of the despised slave; only let them persevere firmly, unitedly, and without compromise, and the result is certain. The Resident may rest assured that the nation is beginning to be in earnest on the subject. They have been deluded and cajoled too long; but the voice of their brother's blood now cries from the ground too loudly to admit of slumber, and they will not be deluded much longer.

GREAT BRITAIN. WORKS in the press, or preparing for publication:-The Doctrine of Original Sin; by a Layman;-British Zion's WatchTower, in the Sardian Night, four Sermons; by the Rev. H. Cole;--Prayers, in easy Language; by the Rev. J. Topham;-Visions of Solitude, intended to exhibit a contrast between the transient glories and pleasures of time, and immortal happiness;-Sir Isaac Newton and the Socinians foiled in their Attempt to prove a Corruption of 1 Tim. iii. 16; by E. Henderson;-The Greek Testament, with Notes in English; by the Rev. E. Burton, D.D. ;-Popular Lectures on the Prophecies, relative to the Jewish Nation; by the Rev. Hugh M‘Neile;—Sermons ; by the Rev. M. Vincent.

The Oxford prizes have been decided as follows:-Latin Essay: "Utrum apud Græcos an apud Romanos magis exculta fuerit civilis scientia:" A. Grant, Fellow of New College.-English Essay: "The Character of Socrates:" H. Merivale, Fellow of Balliol.-Latin Verse: "Tyrus:" W. Palmer, of Magdalen.-English Verse (Newdigate): "The African Desert:" G. K. Rickards, of Trinity.

The following are the subjects for 1831: Latin Verse, "Numantia;" English Essay, "The Use and Abuse of Theory;" Latin Essay, "Quænam fuerit Oratorum Atti

corum apud Populum Auctoritas ;" Newdigate's prize, "The Suttees; Dr. Ellerton's Theological prize, "The Evidence deduced from Prophecy in support of the Truth of Christianity."

The Cambridge members' prizes are adjudged as follows:-Bachelors' prizes, the first to E. H.Fitzherbert, and the second to T. J. Phillips, both of Trinity College. Subject, "Quantum momenti au studium rei Theologica promovendum, habeat literarum humaniorum cultus?" Undergraduates' prize to A. Chatfield of Trinity, "Quæ sit forma Пoras ad Grecia renascentis statum optime accommodata?" The Porson prize for a passage of Shakspeare into Greek verse, is adjudged to C. R. Kennedy, of Trinity College. Sir W. Browne's gold medals: Greek Ode, J. Hildyard, Christ College; Latin Ode, C. R. Kennedy; Epigrams, W. Fitzherbert, Queen's College.

The Bishop of Salisbury has procured a fac-simile of the text on the heavenly witnesses, 1 John v. 7, as it stands in the Vatican, Cod. Ottobon. 289. Mr. Wiseman of the English College at Rome, who transcribed it for his lordship, says, "The MS. is a very small quarto, on vellum, ex Codd. Joannis Angeli Ducis ab Altaemps. It bears the title Acta Apostolorum_et Epistolæ B. Pauli et aliorum.' Each page contains two columns; the Latin on the left, and the

Geeek on the right. The Latin is in square or Gothic characters, and the MS. may belong to the age in which Scholz has placed it. It seems not to have been finished; for, at the beginning of one or two of the Epistles, the space for the first large letter is left blank, as well as the top line, shewing that the writer intended to fill it up at leisure in a more ornamental style, as is the case in the other books. He has not even put a title to the book, the one quoted above being the modern title. Our verse (1 John v. 7), occurs fol. 105 verso. Scholz, if I remember right, does not give the first words of the Greek text [if we remember right, he does give them],nor the Latin text.... The ink is faded. In some letters it is completely scaled off, so that it was with the greatest difficulty that I could catch the traces of several letters. As the important discussion of this verse has always engaged my most lively interest, I should feel great pleasure if my residence in Rome could be made serviceable to its favourable termination. Professor Scholz has been so kind as to forward to me the printed parts of his new critical edition of the N. T. They consist of more than 100 pages of Prolegomena and the text to St. Luke. I should think the whole is now printed. I have com.. pared it with Griesbach on one or two passages, as, the conclusion of St. Mark, and think it very satisfactory. But, of course, he has not disclosed his intentions regarding the three witnesses."

The Society for superseding the Necessity of Climbing Boys, and improving their condition, state, in the Report read at their last meeting, the Bishop of Winchester in the chair, that they should have brought in a bill before this into parliament to effect their object, but that government have thought further opportunity should be afforded for proving the efficiency of machinery, as a perfect and universal substitute for infant labour: and the committee considered it prudent to acquiesce in the delay, rather than risk the failure of the bill. The committee urge the presentation of petitions to parliament on the subject. The committee announce a considerable increase in the number of auxiliary societies, and the number of places in which the machine has been introduced amounts to 129. It is adopted in 122 public buildings, including the principal fire insurance offices. The agents of the society are persons unconnected with the trade, it being found that the regular sweeps are opposed to the machine, and bring discredit on it. CHRIST. OBSERV. No 342.

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The committee state, that they have on no occasion manifested any desire to exaggerate the evils attending the practice of sweeping chimneys by children; and they have been blamed for not sufficiently insisting on those evils in their appeals to the public. But they have been deterred from this, by feeling of respect to the public, whom it would almost insult, to suppose unconscious of sufferings, coming under their daily observation. Every housekeeper," they remark, “must, or at least might have known that little beings, of the same age, frame, and texture, as those who are the happy inmates of his nursery, were during the last winter exposed to its utmost severity, and turned out into the street at three or four o'clock in the morning, screaming for hours at his door, and only admitted to endure the still greater misery of being driven up some dark and narrow flue; their aching and benumbed limbs, being made instrumental in the removal of its accumulated soot.

Of this detail of daily suffering no housekeeper can be uninformed, and the committee hoped that with this knowledge, all that could be wanted, would be to suggest a sufficient substitute for this painful process." They have done this, and it remains with the public to remedy the evil; and we trust, after this affecting appeal, there is sufficient humanity in the nation speedily to do so.

The conductors of one of our journals, which undertakes to enlighten the world on religion as well as literature, in giving an account of a sermon recently preached in London by Dr. Chalmers, gravely remarks, "It seems to us the distinguishing merit of his preaching, that with a most uncompromising spirit of godliness, he joins an ardent feeling of the moral beauty of human nature, and a due recognition of its unassisted capabilities for good; putting away with horror the humiliating notion of a natural depravity; yet ever keeping in view the necessity of religious faith." Such preaching the journalist considers eminently calculated to do good among the young men under education for the ministry in Scotland. How any writer could blunder into such a total misconception of Dr. Chalmers's meaning, is passing strange. The virtue and good qualities which he admires in Scotland have been raised on a far different basis; on the basis of the very doctrines which he recoils at "with horror;" nor is there any solid morality that is built on any other.

Dr. Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopædia, in 3 D

the interesting work on Cities, gives the following account of the origin of the see of Canterbury :-Augustine, the Roman missionary, made his arrival known to Ethelbert, and requested an audience. The king of Kent, though not altogether ignorant of the nature of his queen's religion, nor unfavourably disposed towards it, was yet afraid of that miraculous power which the Romish clergy were then believed to possess, and which they were not backward at claiming for themselves. For this reason he would not receive them within the walls of his royal city of Canterbury, nor under a roof; but went into the island with his nobles, and took his seat to await them in the open air; imagining that thus he should be secure from the influence of their spells or incantations. They approached in procession, bearing a silver crucifix, and a portrait of our Saviour upon a banner adorned with gold, and chanting the Litany. The king welcomed them courteously, and ordered them to be seated ; after which Augustine stood up, and, through an interpreter whom he had brought from France, delivered the purport of his mission in a brief but well ordered and impressive dis"He was come to the king, and to that kingdom (he said), for their eternal good, a messenger of good tidings; offering to their acceptance perpetual happiness here and hereafter, if they would accept his words. The Creator and Redeemer had opened the kingdom of heaven to the human race; for God so loved the world that he had sent into it his only Son, as that Son himself testified, to become a man among the children of men, and suffer death upon the cross as an atonement for their sins." To this address, which was protracted to some length, the king returned a doubtful but gracious answer: his conversion shortly after followed. He gave up his palace to the missionaries, and Augustine obtained a bull from the pope to found the see of Canterbury. From this period it was regarded with the highest veneration; but in the invasions of the Danes both the church and city suffered the most grievous ruin, and no less than eight thousand persons are said to have perished at one time in the desolated town.

course.

The same work mentions that Bath presented to the Romans the best counterpart of their own Italy which the uncultivated land afforded, and that accordingly it shortly became the favourite residence of the Roman governors, and sometimes of the emperors.

Flaxman the sculptor is quoted, in the Lives of Painters and Sculptors, in the Family Library, as remarking of the Elgin Marbles,-"We possess, in England, the most precious examples of Grecian power. The horses of the frieze in the Elgin collection appear to live and move, to roll their eyes, to gallop, prance, and curvet― the veins of their faces and legs seem distended with circulation; in them are distinguished the hardness and decision of bony forms, from the elasticity of tendon and the softness of flesh. The beholder is charmed with the deer-like lightness and elegance of their make, and although the relief is not above an inch from the back ground, and they are so much smaller than nature, we can scarcely suffer reason to persuade us they are not alive." Flaxman began life with making models for Wedgewood pottery. They consisted chiefly of small groups in very low relief, and the subjects were from ancient verse and history. Many are equal in beauty and simplicity to his designs for marble. The good taste and persevering spirit of the Wedgewoods, and the genius and industry of Flaxman, produced a great improvement in every description of pottery, whether for use or ornament. Before his time the porcelain of England had little to recommend it. The Etruscan vases and the architectural ornaments of Greece supplied the finest shapes, which the artist embellished with his own inventions.

No complicated story, remarks the work just quoted, can be related in marble. When a basis for Chantry's statue of Grattan was under discussion, one of the orator's friends said, "Pedestal! the best pedestal for him is the Rock of the Constitution-carve that and put him upon it." "A good notion," answered another of his countrymen ; "but how are we to know the Rock of the Constitution from any other rock ?"

NETHERLANDS.

Saardam was the residence of Peter the Great, of Russia, when he worked as a common ship-carpenter, to make himself acquainted with naval architecture. The hut in which he dwelt has been covered with a brick building by the princess of Orange, sister to the emperor Alexander. The furniture used by him is carefully preserved, consisting of an oak table and three chairs; a recess with folding doors serving him as a bedstead. Over the chimney-piece is the following inscription, "Petro Magno, Alexander;" and on an oval table is another in Dutch and Russian,