epistle of St. Paul's nearly of the same date with the Epistle to the Colossians, and an epistle directed to a church (for such the church of Laodicea was) in which -St. Paul had never been. What has been observed concerning the epistle before us, shows that it answers perfectly to that character.

Nor does the mistake seem very difficult to account for. Whoever inspects the map of Asia Minor will see, that a person proceeding from Rome to Laodicea would probably land at Ephesus, as the nearest frequented seaport in that direction. Might not Tychicus then, in passing through Ephesus, communicate to the Christians of that place the letter, with which he was charged? And might not copies of that letter be multiplied and preserved at Ephesus? Might not some of the copies drop the words of designation ἐν τῇ Λαοδικεία *, which it was of no consequence to an Ephesian to retain? Might not copies of the letter come out into the Christian church at large from Ephesus; and might not this give occasion to a belief that the letter was written to that church? And, lastly, might not this belief produce the error which we suppose to have crept into the inscription?

*And it is remarkable that there seem to have been some ancient copies without the words of designation, either the words in Ephesus, or the words in Laodicea. St. Basil, a writer of the fourth century, speaking of the present epistle, has this very singular passage: "And writing to the Ephesians, as truly united to "him who is through knowledge, he (Paul) calleth them in a peculiar sense such who are; saying, to the saints who are, and (or even) the faithful in Christ Jesus; for so those before us have "transmitted it, and we have found it in ancient copies." Dr. Mill interprets (and, notwithstanding some objections that have been made to him, in my opinion rightly interprets) these words of Basil, as declaring that this father had seen certain copies of the epistle in which the words "in Ephesus" were wanting. And the passage, I think, must be considered as Basil's fanciful way of explaining what was really a corrupt and defective reading; for I do not believe it possible that the author of the epistle could have originally written dyios Tois low, without any name of place to follow it.

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No. V.

As our epistle purports to have been written during St. Paul's imprisonment at Rome, which lies beyond the period to which the Acts of the Apostles brings up his history; and as we have seen and acknowledged that the epistle contains no reference to any transaction at Ephesus during the apostle's residence in that city, we cannot expect that it should supply many marks of agreement with the narrative. One coincidence, however, occurs, and a coincidence of that minute and less obvious kind, which, as hath been repeatedly observed, is of all others the most to be relied upon.

Chap. vi. 19, 20, we read, praying for me, that I "66. may open my mouth boldly to make known the mystery "of the gospel, for which I am an ambassador in bonds.' "In bonds," v dλúσe, in a chain. In the twenty-eighth chapter of the Acts we are informed, that Paul, after his arrival at Rome, was suffered to dwell by himself with a soldier that kept him. Dr. Lardner has shown that this mode of custody was in use amongst the Romans, and that whenever it was adopted, the prisoner was bound to the soldier by a single chain; in reference to which St. Paul, in the twentieth verse of this chapter, tells the Jews, whom he had assembled, "For this cause there"fore have I called for you to see you, and to speak with

you, because that for the hope of Israel I am bound "with this chain," Thy aλvow TaÚTYY TEρixiμal. It is in exact conformity, therefore, with the truth of St. Paul's situation at the time, that he declares of himself in the epistle, πρεσβεύω ἐν ἁλύσει. And the exactness is the more remarkable, as anvσis (a chain) is nowhere used in the singular number to express any other kind of custody. When the prisoner's hands or feet were bound together, the word was deσpol (bonds), as in the twenty-sixth chapter [v. 29.] of the Acts, where Paul replies to Agrippa, "I would to God that not only thou, but also all that "hear me this day, were both almost, and altogether "such as I am, except these bonds," дαρExтòs тãy dεoμõ

TOUTOV. When the prisoner was confined between two soldiers, as in the case of Peter, Acts, xii. 6, two chains were employed; and it is said, upon his miraculous deliverance, that the "chains" (dnúσes, in the plural) "fell from his hands." Acouòs the noun, and déquaι the verb, being general terms, were applicable to this in common with any other species of personal coercion; but aλvσs, in the singular number, to none but this.

If it can be suspected that the writer of the present epistle, who, in no other particular, appears to have availed himself of the information concerning St. Paul delivered in the Acts, had, in this verse, borrowed the word, which he read in that book, and had adapted his expression to what he found there recorded of St. Paul's treatment at Rome; in short, that the coincidence here noted was effected by craft and design; I think it a strong reply to remark, that, in the parallel passage [iv. 3.] of the Epistle to the Colossians, the same allusion is not preserved: the words there are, "praying also for us, that God would "open unto us a door of utterance to speak the mystery "of Christ, for which I am also in bonds," di' ô nai dédual. After what has been shown in a preceding number, there can be little doubt but that these two epistles were written by the same person. If the writer, therefore, sought for, and fraudulently inserted, the correspondency into one epistle, why did he not do it in the other? A real prisoner might use either general words, which comprehended this amongst many other modes of custody; or might use appropriate words, which specified this, and distinguished it from any other mode. It would be accidental which form of expression he fell upon. impostor, who had the art, in one place, to employ the appropriate term for the purpose of fraud, would have used it in both places.

But an

CHAP. VII.

THE EPISTLE TO THE PHILIPPIANS.

No. I.

WHEN a transaction is referred to in such a manner, as that the reference is easily and immediately understood by those who are beforehand, or from other quarters, acquainted with the fact, but is obscure or imperfect, or requires investigation, or a comparison of different parts, in order to be made clear to other readers, the transaction so referred to is probably real; because, had it been fictitious, the writer would have set forth his story more fully and plainly, not merely as conscious of the fiction, but as conscious that his readers could have no other knowledge of the subject of his allusion than from the information of which he put them in possession.

The account of Epaphroditus, in the Epistle to the Philippians, of his journey to Rome, and of the business which brought him thither, is the article to which I mean to apply this observation. There are three passages in the epistle, which relate to this subject. The first, i. 7: "Even as it is meet for me to think this of you all, be"cause I have you in my heart, inasmuch as both in my "bonds, and in the defence and confirmation of the “ gospel, ye all are συγκοινωνοί μου τῆς χάριτος, joint "contributors to the gift which I have received.” * Nothing more is said in this place. In the latter part of the second chapter, and at the distance of half the epistle from

* Pearce, I believe, was the first commentator who gave this sense to the expression; and I believe also, that his exposition is now generally assented to. He interprets in the same sense the phrase in the fifth verse, which our translation renders " your fellowship in the gospel;" but which in the original is not kowvwviq τοῦ εὐαγγελίου, Οr, κοινωνίᾳ ἐν τῷ ἐυαγγελίῳ ; but κοινωνίᾳ εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέ Lov. [James Peirce of Exon is the commentator here referred to, in his Paraphrase and Notes on the Epistle of St. Paul to the Philippians. London, 1725.]

the last quotation, the subject appears again: "Yet I "supposed it necessary to send to you Epaphroditus, my "brother and companion in labour, and fellow soldier, "but your messenger, and he that ministered to my "wants: for he longed after you all, and was full of

heaviness, because that ye had heard that he had been "sick for indeed he was sick nigh unto death; but God "had mercy on him, and not on him only, but on me " also, lest I should have sorrow upon sorrow. I sent "him therefore the more carefully, that when ye see "him again ye may rejoice, and that I may be the less "sorrowful. Receive him therefore in the Lord with all

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gladness; and hold such in reputation: because for the "work of Christ he was nigh unto death, not regarding "his life to supply your lack of service toward me." "ii. 25-30. The matter is here dropped, and no farther mention made of it till it is taken up near the conclusion of the epistle, as follows: "But I rejoiced in the "Lord greatly, that now at the last your care of me hath "flourished again; wherein ye were also careful, but ye "lacked opportunity: not that I speak in respect of I want; for I have learned in whatsoever state I am, "therewith to be content. I know both how to be "abased, and I know how to abound; every where and "in all things I am instructed both to be full and to be

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hungry, both to abound and to suffer need. I can do "all things through Christ which strengtheneth me. Notwithstanding, ye have well done that ye did com"municate with my affliction. Now, ye Philippians, "know also that in the beginning of the gospel, when "I departed from Macedonia, no church communi"cated with me as concerning giving and receiving, but ye only for even in Thessalonica ye sent once and "again unto my necessity: not because I desire a gift; "but I desire fruit that may abound to your account. “But I have all, and abound; I am full, having received "of Epaphroditus the things which were sent from you. iv. 10-18. To the Philippian reader, who knew that contributions were wont to be made in that church for the apostle's subsistence and relief, that the supply which they