and escaping the darts of the enemy, reached their friends in safety. Porsenna demanded the return of Cloelia, and the Romans, faithful to the treaty, sent her back, but the King admired so much her bravery, that he set her free, and with her half the hostages. These she was allowed to select, and the youths of tender age regained their liberty. To Cloelia her countrymen raised a statue, representing her seated on a horse. Porsenna moved away his army, and presented to the Romans his camp well stored with provisions. In return, the Senate sent him a throne of ivory, a sceptre, a crown of gold, and a royal robe. Afterwards, this King's son Aruns, commanded a force sent to capture the strong Latin town of Aricia, but the inhabitants found allies, gave battle, defeated Porsenna's troops, and slew their general. In wild rout the Tuscans fled to Rome, where the wounded were so carefully tended, and all so kindly received, that many made the City their home, and others on their return to their friends extolled the generosity of the Romans. For this hospitality, Porsenna liberated the rest of the hostages, and restored to Rome the lands he had lately wrested from her, but which she had formerly won from the Veientines.*

8. Forsaken by the Etruscan Monarch, Tarquinius betook himself to his son-in-law Octavius Mamilius, of Tusculum. Thirty Latin cities took up the King's cause, declared war, and made Mamilius their general. But, as many Romans had taken Latin wives, and many Latins Roman ones, time was given on both sides for the women wishing to leave their husbands to return with their virgin daughters to their own country. All the Roman women left their Latin husbands, whom they loved less than the land of their birth; but the Latin women, with only two exceptions, stayed with their husbands at Rome. The Sabines had often fought fiercely with the Romans, and been beaten, but seemed ready to renew the contest, as soon as the rupture with the Latins occurred. Then the Romans made Aulus Postumius their sole ruler for six months, and gave him all the power of a King. They called him Dictator, or Master of the

* There is reason to believe that the City was once taken by Porsenna, but Roman pride refused to record so great a humiliation. Tacitus plainly says, (Hist. III. 72), that "Rome surrendered to Porsenna," and Pliny says, (His. Nat. XXXIV. 39), that in his treaty with the Romans, Porsenna forbad them the use of iron except for agricultural purposes. Niebuhr thinks the Romans seized the moment of the Tuscan defeat by the Latins to rise, and "although disarmed and threatened in what they held dearest, to break the yoke of the Tyrant. At such a time," he adds, "the flight of the hostages might avail to some purpose, and the heroine who led them might deserve to be rewarded."-History, Vol. I. 481.

people (Magister Populi), and before him went four-and-twenty lic tors with their rods and axes. At the same time T. Æbutius was made Master of the Knights or Horsemen (Magister Equitum.) A desperate battle, and a thorough defeat at the Lake Regillus, in the territory of Tusculum, soon crushed for ever the hopes of Tarquinius (B.C. 496.) The aged King with his band of exiles dashed onward to meet the Dictator, but was soon carried off wounded. Æbutius, the Master of the Knights, spurred on his horse against Mamilius, the Latin general, but was wounded in the arm, and forced to retire. When the Latins gave way, Mamilius flung forward the Roman exiles, who battled with fury to win back their homes. Savagely the leaders fought, and thickly on both sides they fell; victory swayed from side to side; but as M. Valerius, the brother of Publicola, was struck down, the Romans gave ground. At this moment, the Dictator brought up his chosen band, and bade them count as enemies and fall on all whose faces were turned towards them. To escape death from their own friends, the Romans turned afresh to the fight. Postumius promised rich rewards to any two who would first break into the enemy's camp, and vowed a Temple to the twin heroes, Castor and Pollux, if they would help to win for him the victory. Then flying to the cavalry he begged them to jump from their horses and fight on foot. Their ready obedience breathed fresh spirit into the wearied infantry. The Latins were beaten and fled. The Romans leaped again on their horses to pursue, and in their front, mounted on snowwhite steeds, were seen two blooming youths of uncommon size and beauty. Woefully were the enemy beaten and cut down. Their camp was taken, and the first to enter it were the two warriors on white horses. After the fight, Postumius wished to bestow the promised rewards on the brave horsemen, but they could nowhere be found among the living or the dead; only on the hard rock, by the Lake Regillus, was left and seen for ages after the print of a horse's hoof, such as could be made by no animal belonging to men. At Rome, as the sun went down, and all people were eagerly waiting for news of the battle, there were suddenly seen in the Forum, two tall. fair youths, besmeared with the dirt of the battle-field, and riding on white horses covered with foam. In a spring, by the Temple of Vesta, they washed away their stains, told the anxious crowds that gathered round them how the battle was won, then rode from the Forum, and disappeared for ever. Mindful of his vow, Postumius built a Temple to Castor and Pollux, for they, he said, had won the victory and earned the promised rewards.

9. At the battle of Lake Regillus, perished the family, and the hopes of Tarquinius, but he himself found refuge with Aristodemus, the Tyrant of Cuma, a city of the Greeks, in Campania, where he died.

IS IT CHANCE OR DESIGN ?-No. 9.

BY THE REV. THOMAS MILLS.

EVERY bird is clothed with feathers, and most animals and beasts are covered with hair; and yet we are naturally naked. Is there not a reason for the difference? Birds and animals cannot become spinners, weavers, or tailors; nor can they make spinning-jenneys, looms, scissors, or needles. They cannot teach one another, nor can we teach them, to construct garments or to make cloth. Their clothing makes them beautiful, and it keeps them warm; for feathers, hair, bristles, and wool, being good non-conductors of heat, cause natural heat to escape slowly from their bodies into the air. How ugly they would have looked had they been naked, as we are! and how cold would they have been! But feathers and hairs do not project from their bodies like blades of grass from the earth, they lie closely one upon another, and in such directions as best agree with the forms and motions of their limbs, so that their natural clothing is at once beautiful, convenient, and warm. All this looks very little like chance.

But we are naturally naked, and yet our comfort makes it desirable that we should be clothed, and decency renders it necessary. Feathers and hair would not have done for us as they do for animals and birds; for, unlike any particular class of birds and beasts, men have to live in the hottest and in the coldest countries, so that the lightest and whitest garments are needful in one climate, and dark, thick, woollen garments in another. But if we had had natural clothing, and no other, one country would have been too hot for us to live in, and another too cold. Chance might have left those creatures naked which cannot make clothing for themselves, and it might have covered us with bristles, wool, feathers, scales or hair, who can make all kinds of beautiful garments: this would have been bad for us, but worse for them. In that case hundreds of trades by which countless millions live would have been unnecessary. Suppose that all those trades were now destroyed by some superhuman power, all the trades connected with the raw material of clothing, its shipment, the construction of machines, the spinning, weaving, dyeing, carrying, buying, selling, and all kinds of cutting and sewing, it would be the greatest calamity, next to our apostacy from God, that ever befel the human race. Or suppose that it had been left to chance to provide all that is required for our clothes. Since chance has no thought or sense

there might, in that case, have been nothing to make them of. Leaves, bark, and grass are very useful in their way, but they would be very poor stuff, compared with our woollens, silks, linens, cottons, &c., to manufacture into garments. But chance might not have made even leaves,

bark, or grass.

Now what do we find provided for us? Millions of sheep grow more wool on their backs, and alpacas more hair, than they require for their own use, so that we take from them all that we need; and delightfully warm it is to us. Silkworms are created to give forth silk, in soft and beautiful cocoons, from their own bodies, of which we make dresses of great strength and durability, and of charming beauty. Linen and cotton grow prodigally in our fields. We have animal hides to tan into leather, and bark with which to tan them. In making our boots, how could the workman force his thread through the leather if he had no bristles? We have dyes with which to dye our cloths in every tint of skies, rainbows, and flowers. Metals, woods, and all other appliances for machinery, are provided. Skill for endless contrivances, imagination, taste and the love of beauty, in an infinite variety of patterns, are given to the human mind, of which animals and birds, which need not be manufacturers, are wholly destitute. But of what use could medals for machinery be, or of what avail would be the taste for beauty, or skill to devise forms and patterns, if we had not such a wonderful hand as that which is given to us, so adapted to cunning workmanship, and to everything that can be imagined? Nothing is wanting to make warm, suitable, and beautiful clothes. Nothing better or more beautiful can be conceived than that which we have. It has all been most wisely arranged for us, and every detail shows what we may reverently call thoughtfulness, and a full consideration of consequences, and that all has been most admirably arranged for our welfare! Every one thing is so perfectly adapted to all | the others, as to reveal intention. All these arrangements were made for us before we were born, and they find us employment, call forth the virtue of industry, and occasion useful and honourable trade, in thousands of ways, by which men live in comfort, and by which many become rich. Clothing awaits us upon our arrival into the world. It wears away, indeed, but the raw material of which to make more is always growing, and is always abundant. By making, buying, and selling clothing, those who make, buy, and sell, also provide for themselves food, houses, and all the luxuries of home. The whole plan is complete, and for utility, the enjoyment of life, industry, and beauty, it is wonderful as a miracle. Now to say that chance has arranged all this, is to say that it has been done by nothing, for chance is a nothing, and therefore such a saying would be absurd. Some infidels say that there is no God; but such infidels really have two gods of their own, such as they are, the god

chance, and the God fate. Each god is a nothing but a word, or an idea; Such nothings can do nothing,

an idea of something which is nothing.
and still less can they have done all things.

Hanley.

The Editor's Desk.

QUERIES AND

ANSWERS.

QUERY 1.-HOW WERE THE FIRST TRANSLATORS OF THE SCRIPTURES

one.

QUALIFIED FOR THEIR WORK?

REV. SIR,-Seeing your willingness in answering questions put to you through the medium of the JUVENILE INSTRUCTOR, I venture to propose It appears from good authors, that no books were extant that were written in the Hebrew language, but the Bible. If this be correct, I wish to know where the first Translators procured their Lexicon, or how they arrived at the true acceptation of Hebrew words and phrases? Your kind answer to this question will very much oblige yours, &c., a constant reader of the JUVENILE, H. ORMESHER.

the same time, Moses was the

ANSWER.-The Scriptures were not all written at nor was the translation of them all effected in one age. first author, and he lived about 3,400 years ago. John was the last author, and he wrote only about 1,800 years ago. Thus between the first and the last sacred writer, there was a period of about 1,600 years, and within this period the other parts of Scripture were written. But the Scriptures were not all written in Hebrew. The New Testament was written in Greek, and some portions of the Old Testament in Chaldee. Nor were the whole of the Scriptures translated at one time. The Old Testament was translated into Greek many years before the time of our Lord's incarnation; and some portions of the New Testament were translated into Syriac and Latin, either during the lifetime of the Apostles, or not very long after their death. Nor would there be the difficulty in effecting the first translation which our young friend supposes, nor would there be the need of Lexicons which he imagines. For the first translators of the Scriptures knew very well from habit and education both the languages in which the Scriptures were written, and that also into which the first translation was made; for those translators were brought up in the knowledge of both languages; and, indeed, both languages, or dialects thereof, were